Classification of Insects ((Module-iv) Order- Lapidoptera ,

 

Order - Lapidoptera (Lapido = Scales, pteron = wing) Ex. Moths, butterflies and skippers

Characters –

1. Insect with two pairs of membranous wings, but not transparent, covered by        minute overlapping scales.

2. Mouth parts greatly reduced possessing siphoning type of mouth parts.

3. Metamorphosis complete.

4. Larvae Known as caterpillar or semilooper which possess biting and chewing    type of This order is divided into two suborders.


Suborder 1. Heterocera Ex. Moths

Characters –

1. Mostly nocturnal in habit.

2. Antennae are of varied form, filiform, pectinate bipectinate etc.

 3. The wings usually lie horizontally or roof like at the sides of abdomen.

4. Pupae very often protected by cocoon.

 Following are the important families.


Family 1. Gelechidae Example 

1. Grain & flour moth, Sitotroga cerealella

2. Pupate tuber    moth, Phthoremoea operculella

3. Pink boll worm, Pectinophora gossypiella

 

Family 2. Pyralidae (Pyraustidae) Pyralid moth Example   

1. Cotton leaf letter, Sylepta derogata

2. Jowar stem borer, Chilo partillus

3. Sugar cane top borer, Tryporyza novella

4. Rice stem borer, Tryporyza incertulus

5. Rice case worm, Nymphula depunctalis

6. Sugar cane root borer, Emmalocera deprecella


Family 3. Arctiidae (Hairy caterpillars) Example 

1. Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma (Diacresia) oblique

2. Red hairy caterpillar, Amsacta moorii

3. Castor hairy caterpillar, Pericalia riceni

4. Sun hemp hairy caterpillar, Utetheisa pulchella

5. Hairy caterpillar, Euproctis lunata


Family 4. Cymbidae (Arctiidae) Example – spotted bollworm, Earias vitelli, E. insulana, E. crumataria


Family 5. Noctuidae (Noctuid moths) Example – 

1. Gram cutworm, Agrotis ypsilon

2. Gram cutworm, A. flamatra

3. Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera

4. Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera (Prodenia) litura

5. Cabbage semilooper, Plusia orichalcea

6. Army worm, Mythimna seperata

7. Fruit sucking moth, Ophideres (Othris) conjuncta

8. Fruit sucking moth, O. fulonica

9. Fruit sucking moth, O. materna

10. Fruit sucking moth, Calpe emerginata

11. Fruit sucking moth, Achoea janata


Family 6. Bombycidae Ex. Silk moth

 Example – Mulberry silk worm, Bombyx mori


Sub Order 2. Rhopalocera –

Butterflies and skippers

 Characters

1. Diurnal in habit

2. Antennae club shaped or clavate

3. Wings remain vertical above the body

4. Pupae are necked and they are called chrysalis.

 

Family – Papilionidae

Example- Lemon butterfly, Papelio demoleus


Family – Tenthredinidae (Saw flies) Example – 1. Mustard sawfly, Athalia proxima

  

Suborder 2. Apocrita (Bees, Wasp, Parasitic wasp etc.)

Characters:

1.These insects are characterized by a deep constriction between the propodeun (Ist abdominal segment) and the IInd abdominal segment called petiole or waist.

2. The larvae (grubs) are apdous (legless) or grub like with head and mouth parts reduced.

3. They possess a well-developed ovipositor with sting.


Family – Apidae (Bees) Example – 

1. Bush bees, Apis florae

2. Rock bees, Apis dorsata

3. Indian honey bee, Apis cerana indica

4. Italian bee, Apis mellifera

 

Order – Diptera (Di = two, pteron = wing) True flies, Houseflies mosquitoes etc.

Characters:

1. Insects with single pair of membranous wings, hind pair of wings modified into halteres.

2. Mouth parts piercing and sucking or sponging type.

3. Prothorax and metathorax small and fused with well-developed mesothorax.

4. Metamorphoses complete.

5. Larvae are apodous (legless) called maggots which have biting and chewing type of mouth parts.

6. Pupa are generally free or enclosed in a puparium. This order has been divided into three suborders –

 

Suborder 1. Nematocera (Mosquitoes and Gall midge)

Characters:

1. Antennae of image (adult) usually longer than the head and thorax, many segmented, majority of segments alike, not forming on arista or style

2. Larvae (maggots) are eucephalous type which have well developed head and horizontally biting mandibles.

3. Discal cell generally absent.

4. Maxillary palpi 4-5 segmented.


Family 1. Culicidae: Mosquitoes, Example - 

1. Anopheles spp

2. Culex fattigaus


Family 2. Cicidomyiidae: Gall midge Example-

1. Rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae

2. Mango gall midge, Dasyneura mangiferae

3. Linseed gall midge, Dasyneura lini


Suborder 2. - Brachycera (Horse flies, Robber flies etc.)

Characters:

1. Antennae of imago are shorter than head and thorax, generally three segmented with the last elongate, arista present terminal.

2. larvae are hemicephalous type which possess an incomplete usually retractile head and ventrally biting mandibles.

3. Discal cell almost always present.

4. Maxillary palpi one or two segmented.

5. Pupa is free.

 

Family 1. Tabanidae: Horse flies Example – Horse flies, Tabanus maculicornis


Family 2. Asilidae: Robber flies, Example – Robber flies, Philonicus albiceps


Family 3. Bombyllidae: Bee flies, Example – Bee flies, Bombylius major


Suborder 3. – Cyclorrhapha (Fruit flies, Syrphid flies, Vinager flies)

 Characters –

1. Antennae three segmented with a dorsal bristle like arista.

2. Maxillary palpi one segmented

3. The larvae are acephalous type, in which head is reduced and the mandibles are replaced into mouth hooks which are working in a vertical plane.

4. Pupa are enclosed in a puparium.


Family 1. Tephritidae: (Fruit flies) Example – Melon fruit flies, Bactrocera cucurbitae


Family 2. Syrphidae (Syrphid flies or Hover flies), Example – Syrphid fly, Episyrphus balteatus


Family 3. Agromyzidae:,Example – 1. Pea leaf miner, Phytomyza atricornis 2. Arhar pod fly,    Melonaglowyza obtusa


Classification of phylum Arthropoda: (Arthro-Joint, Poda –Foot)

The arthropods possess

 a. The segmented body

b. Bilateral symmetry

c. Paired jointed appendages usually terminates in a class

d. Chitinous exoskeleton 14

e. Ventral nervous system and

f. Dorsal heart.

g. Haemocoelic body cavity

h. Muscles are composed of striated fibres, ciliated epithelium absent

i. Open type of circulatory system

 It is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Besides insects, many creatures like crayfish, crabs, lobsters, centipedes, millipedes, spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions etc come under this category.

 

 Phylum arthropoda is classified into 7 classes viz

1 .Onychophora (claw bearing): eg: peripatus

2. Crustacea (crusta-shell): eg: prawns, crabs, wood louse

3.Arachnida (Arachine-spider): eg:scorpion, spider, ticks, mites

4.Chilopoda (chilo-lip,poda-legs): eg:centipedes

5.Diplopoda (diplo-two,poda-legs):eg:millipedes

6.Trilobita (an extinct group)

7.Hexopoda (hexa-Six; poda-legs) eg.insects Insecta (in-internal ;sect-cut)

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