Classification of Insects

Classification of Insects: Classification of insects is basically adopted by A.D. Imms (1957), according to him class Insecta or Hexapoda is divided into two sub classes

Sub Class 1- Apterygota: Apterous insects, the wingless condition presumed to be primitive, metamorphosis slight or absent. Adult with one or more pair of pregenital abdominal appendages. Adult mandible usually articulating with the head capsule at a single point. This sub class is divided into following four orders

  1. Thysaneura: Example Silver fish
  2.  Diplura: Example Japygids
  3. Protura: Example Telson tails or proturans 
  4. Collembola: Example spring tail

Sub Class 2–Pterygota: winged or secondarily wingless insects, metamorphosis varied, Adults without pregentital abdominal appendages. Adult mandible usually articulating with the head capsule at two points. This subclass is divided into following two divisions -

Division I - Exopterygota: Wings develop externally. Metamorphosis simple, pupal stage rarely present. Immature stages are called nymphs which are similar to adults in structure and habit. In this division following orders are present 

5. Ephemeroptera: Eg- Mayflies

6. Odonata: Eg- Dragon flies.

7. Plecoptera: Eg- Stone flies. 

8. Grylloblatoidea: Eg- Gryloblatta 

9. Orthoptera: Eg- Grasshoppers  & crickets

10. Phasmida: Eg- Phasmids.

11. Dermaptera: Eg- Earwings

12. Embioptera: Eg- Embiids

13. Dictyoptera  & Mantids: Eg- Cockroaches

14. Isoptera: Eg- Termites

15. Zoraptera: Eg- Zorapteran

16. Procoptera: Eg- Booklice 

17. Mallophaga: Eg- Birdlice.  

18. Siphunculata: Eg- Sucking lice

19. Hemiptera: Eg- Plantbugs, Aphids, Whiteflies, mealy bugs etc. 

20. Thysanoptera: Eg- Thrips"20.

21. Mantophasmatodea: Eg- Mantophasmatids (New order discovered in 2002)

Devision II –Endopterygota: Wings develop internally meteramorphesis complex, pupal instar present immature stages are called larvae which differ from adults in structure and habits. It is divided into following order

22. Neuroptera: Eg - Lace wings, Alderflies, snake flies etc.

23. Mecoptera: Eg – Scorpion flies

24. Lapidoptera: Eg – Butterflies and moths

25. Trichoptera: Eg – Caddish flies

26. Diptera: Eg – Two winged flies or true flies

27. Siphonoptera:  Eg- Fleas

28. Hymenoptera: Eg- Ant, Bees, Wasp etc.

29. Coleoptera: Eg- Beetles and weevils

30. Strepsiptera: Eg – Stylops


Order: Orthoptera ( orthos = straight, pteron = wing) Grasshoppers, crickets and locusts

Characters –

👉1. Winged or brachypterous or apterous.

👉2. Month parts biting and chewing type (Mandibulate type)

👉3. Hind leg usually enlarged and modified for grouping.

👉4. Two pair’s wings, sometimes absent or vestigial, following straight, thickened called Tegmina, hind pair of wing membranous.

👉5. Gradual metamorphosis, the nymphs resemble the adults in all essential features and habits.

 ðŸ‘‰6. A pair of unsegmented short cerci is present. This order is divided into two sub orders.

Suborder- 1 – Ensifera:

1. Antennal are longer than their body length and many segmented.

2. Tympanal organs (auditory organs) are located on the tibia of the leg. Example – Long horned gross hoppers and crickets.

Suborder- 2 – Caelifera:


1. Antennae are shorter than their body length with less than thirty segments.

2. The Tympanal organs are located at the sides of 1st abdominal segment. Example- Short horned gross hoppers and locusts.


Family – Acrididae

 1. These are moderately long insects with prominent head begs.

 2. Diurnal in habit.

 3. The antennae are always much shorter than the body length.

 4. The auditory organs are located on the sides of the Ist abdominal segment.

 5. There are usually one generation in a year.

           Example- Kharif grass hopper, Hieroglyphus banian, H. Nigroreplatus, Desert    locust, Schistocerca gregarea Migratory locust, Locusta migratoria

 

Order – Isoptera (Iso = equal, ptera = wing)  Termites or white ants


Characters –

1. Moderate sized, thin skinned, social insects, consisting of several castes such as winged king and queen, wingless king and queen, workless and soldiers.

2. Metamorphosis simple.

3. Mouth parts of the typical biting and chewing type.

4. The wings are equal in size, long, narrow, membranous, some what opaque.

5. Workers and soldiers of both the sexes are wing less and sterile forms.

Family 1. Masto termitidae eg.- Masto termes spp.

Family 2. Kalotermitidae eg.- Kalotermes spp.

Family 3. Rhinotermitidae eg.- Rhinotermes spp.

Family 4. Hodotermitidae eg.- Hodotermes spp.

 

Family  - Termitidae:



Characters:-

1. Members are mostly subterranean and form a termitarium.

2. Wings only slightly reticulate, wing membrane and margin more or less hairy.

3. Pronotum of workers and soldiers narrow.

4. The queen attains enormous proportions, the increase effecting only in the abdomen and not the head and thorax. This obesity is known as Physagastory.

   Example- Termite- Odontotermes obesus /microtermes obesi.


Order – Hemiptera (Hemi = half, pteron = wing)

Characters –

1. Two pair of wing usually present. The anterior pair most often of harder consistently than the posterior pair, either uniformly (Homoptera) or with the apical portion membraneous than the remainder (Heteroptera).

2. Mouth parts piercing and sucking type.

3. Metamorphosis usually gradual.

4. The abdomen has no cerci. Example – Plant bugs, leaf hoppers, coccids, white flies etc. This order is divided into two suborders.


Suborder 1. Heteroptera (Heter = Different, pteron = wing)

Characters –

1. The fore wing thickened and lengthy basally and membranous apically known as hemelytra.

2. Metamorphosis is complete.

3. Body usually broad and flattened dorsoventrally.

4. A plate usually triangular in outline called scutellum, located between the bases of the wings. Following are the imporntant families:

Family 1. Pyrrhocoridae

red Cotton bug

Example- red Cotton bug, Dysdercus cingulatus.

Family 2. Coreidae 

Rice gundhi bug

Example- Rice gundhi bug, Leptocorisa varicornis

Family 3. Pentatomidae Example- 1- Stink bug, Aspongopus janus 2- Green bug, Nezara virudula 3- Painted bug of mustard, Bagrada cruciferarum

 

Suborder 2. Homoptera (Homo = similar, pteron = wing)



Characters –

1. Two pairs of wings are usually similar in texture and each wing is practically same thickness throughout.

 2. Excretion of honey dew is common in many members of this suborder.

3. Metamorphosis usually gradual while in some cases complete metamorphosis is also found.

4. Mouth pests procuring and sucking type.

          Following are the important families:

Family 1. Cecadellidae (jassids)

jassid

leaf hopper or jassids Example – Paddy leaf hoppers, Nephotettix apicals. Paddy leaf hoppers, Nephotettix bipunctatus Mango leaf hopper, Idiocerus atkinsoni Cotton jassid, Amrasca beguttula

Family 2. Lophopidae (Fulgoridae) 

Sugarcane Pyrilla

Pyrilla Example – Sugarcane Pyrilla, Pyrilla perpusilla

Family 3. Aleurodidae

white flies

white flies Example – 1. Sugarcane whitefly, Aleurolobus barodensis 2. Cotton white fly, Bemisia tabaci 3. Citrus white fly, Dialeurodes citri 

Family 4. Aphididae

aphid

Aphids green flies or plant lice. Example – 1. Mustard aphid, Hydophis (Lipaphis) erysimi 2. Bean aphid, Aphis craccivora 3. Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii 4. Potato aphid, Myzus pessiki

Family 5. Coccidae

Mango mealy bug

Mealy bugs and scale insects. Example – Mango mealy bug, Drosicha stebbingi

Family 6. Lacciferidae – Lac insect Example – Lac insect, Laccifer lacca

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