Classification of Animal Kingdom (Module-3)

 Classification of Animal Kingdom 


 vi)  Annelida: the phylum name  Annelida is originated from Latin word annulus means  little ring.
These family member are aquatic [marine and fresh water] or terrestrial, they are free-living, and sometimes parasitic. Their body charactor is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres [metamerically segmented]
Annelida member

👉They have  coelomate [true body cavity]. This allows true organs to be packaged in the body structure.

👉They are bilateral symmetric and triploblastic. They possess longitudinal and circular muscles which help in locomotion. Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral appendages, parapodia, which help in swimming.

👉A closed circulatory system is present. Nephridia (sing. nephridium) help in osmoregulation and excretion. Neural system consists of paired ganglia (sing. ganglion) connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord.

👉Nereis, an aquatic form, is dioecious [Sexes are separate], but earthworms and leeches are monoecious [having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual]. Reproduction is sexual.


vii) Arthropoda: Insects, arachnids and crustaceans are members of the largest category of creatures on the planet: arthropods. Arthropods have hard, external shells called “exoskeletons,” segmented bodies and jointed legs. Some familiar examples are prawns, butterflies, houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs and some

Arthropoda


👉They exhibit organ-system level of organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented and coelomate The coelomic cavity is blood-filled.

👉The body of arthropods is covered by chitinous The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen. There is an open circulatory system, and so the blood does not flow in well defined blood vessels.

👉Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system. Sensory organs like antennae, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or balance organs are present.

👉Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules. They are mostly dioecious. Fertilisation is usually internal. They are mostly oviparous. Development may be direct or indirect.

👉Arachnids: Spiders, harvestmen, mites, ticks and other arachnids are members of the class Arachnida.

👉Crustaceans: Crustaceans make up a large group of arthropods that includes animals such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish and shrimp. They breathe with gills and have two pairs of antennae.

👉Insects: In general, insects have three-part bodies, six jointed legs, compound eyes and two antennae. Bees, wasps, beetles, mosquitoes, flies, grasshoppers, ants, butterflies and moths, and dragonflies and damselflies are common types of insects.


viii) Mollusca: Mollusca are the second largest animal phylum. They are terrestrial or aquatic. They exhibit 

Mollusca

organ-system level of organization.

👉They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate animals. There is little segmentation. They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion. The anterior head region has sensory tentacles.

👉The mouth contains a file-like rasping organ for feeding, called radula. They are usually dioecious and oviparous with indirect development.

👉Body is covered by a calcareous shell and is unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump. A soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump. Examples are octopus, snails and mussels.


ix) Echinodermata:

Echinodermata

 These animals have an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles [calcium carbonate structures] and, hence, the name Echinodermata (spiny skinned organisms).

👉They are exclusively free-living marine animals with organ-system level of organisation. They are triploblastic with a coelomic cavity [coelomate animals]. The adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.

👉Water-driven tube system [water vascular system] are used for locomotion, capture and transport of food and respiration. They are triploblastic and coelomate animals.

👉Digestive system is complete. An excretory system is absent. Sexes are separate. Reproduction is sexual. Fertilisation is usually external.

👉Development is indirect with free-swimming larva. Examples: Star fish, Sea urchin, Sea lily, Sea cucumber, Brittle star.

x) Hemichordata: 

Hemichordata

was earlier considered as a sub-phylum under phylum Chordata. But now it is placed as a separate phylum under non-chordata.

👉This phylum consists of a small group of worm-like marine animals with organ-system level of organisation.

👉They are cylindrical [bilaterally symmetrical], triploblastic, coelomate animals. The body is Circulatory system is of open type.

👉 Respiration takes place through gills. Excretory organ is present. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is external. Development is indirect. Examples: Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus.


xi) Chordata: 

Presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate with organ-system level of organisation. They possess a post anal tail and a closed circulatory system.

👉Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphylam: Urochordata or Tunicata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata.

👉 Urochordata and Cephalochordata are often referred to as protochordates and are exclusively marine.

👉In Urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail, while in Cephalochordata it extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout their life. Examples: Urochordata - Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum. Cephalochordata – Amphioxus or Lancelet.

All chordates possess the following features: have a notochord, have a dorsal nerve cord, are triploblastic, have paired gill pouches, are coelomate.

👉Vertebrata: These animals have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton, allowing a completely different distribution of muscle attachment points to be used for movement.

👉Possess notochord during the embryonic period. The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult.

Thus all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.

👉Besides the basic chordate characters, vertebrates have a ventral muscular heart with two, three or four chambers, kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation and paired appendages which may be fins or limbs.

👉Vertibrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented, with complex differentiation of body tissues and organs.

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